土家族——

土家族自称“毕兹卡”，主要分布在湘鄂西及川东地区。土家族的文化艺术丰富多彩，其节日习俗反映出该民族的历史文化以及民族精神。

土家族人过年，从古到今都是农历腊月二十九到三十两天。若是腊月小，则提前到二十八到二十九过年。

土家族人为了过个好年，年前老早就赶集采购粮食果饼、墨鱼海带、香烛草纸、灯笼爆竹等年货。家家户户扯布缝新衣，做新鞋，杀年猪，推豆腐，打粑粑，灌香肠，贴对联，节日气氛十分浓厚。

“团年”时，先敬奉祖先，再吃坨子肉和合菜。这坨子肉和合菜也有个来由。据说土家祖先要打仗，来不及把肉切细，菜也不能一样一盘地炒，只能把猪肉砍成大坨大坨的，拌上小米和香肠一起蒸在米饭上，叫蒸坨子肉；油豆腐、粉条、胡萝卜、白菜一起炒，猪下水、墨鱼、海带放米鼎罐里熬，这就是“团年”时必备的坨子肉和合菜。由于当时切碎的姜末、葱蒜没时间炒，只好临时洒在合菜上，因此，至今团年都是如此。过赶年是悄悄进行的，要把大门关严，不准小孩大声说笑，因为怕走漏风声让敌人知道，这个习俗一直沿袭至今。

除夕夜，家家户户都要烧一节大柴蔸，约几尺长，烧到正月十五，谓“烧年火蔸”，年火蔸烧得越旺，来年的年猪就越大，日子就越好，全家老少围火“守岁”，彻夜不眠，谓之 “守三十夜”。据说这也是因为打仗时防备敌人偷袭而传下的习俗。

土家族最富民族特色的节日，是年节；节日中最富民族特色的歌舞，是“舍巴日”。
    舍巴日 “舍巴”，意为“摆手”；“日”，即“做”。土家语动宾倒置，“舍巴日”，汉语直译为“做摆手”，意译为“摆手舞”。它是土家族祭祀祈祷的一种活动，一般在年节举行，并发展为祭祀、祈祷、歌舞、社交、体育竞赛、物资交流等综合性的民俗活动。“摆手”有大小之分。每隔三、五年举行一次的叫“大摆手”。“大摆手”规模大、套数多、时间长，历时七、八天，与集市贸易、文艺体育活动一起，在“摆手堂”前举行。“摆手堂”，在土王祠。“小摆手”规模小，套数少，一般是一至三天，多在本氏族祠堂举行。

另附:众人皆知端午节是为了纪念伟大的诗人屈原，而屈原又是土家人的先人（见《武陵土家人》，故土家人要过几个端午节（有的地方少的两个，有的地方三个）来纪念它。所以端午节就是土家族自己的节日！总而言之，真正土家族自己的主要节日就五个：赶年、牛王节、大小端午节、晒龙袍、赶云南大会！ 详见:http://chiyuen.1.6007.net/bbs/printpage.asp?BoardID=8&ID=72

O'Neal fading into the background as Wade moves to the forefront

BY SAM SMITH

Chicago Tribune

CHICAGO - It was a day to reminisce and reflect Saturday when the Miami Heat came to play the Bulls in the United Center. Shaquille O'Neal was back to take a few bows for that grand tradition of Old-Timer's Day.

Well, not quite yet. But as much as it was a chance for the Bulls to make a stand against an elite team that is on a roll with 14 victories in its last 15 games after its 85-84 victory, the Heat's appearance continued the familiar evolution of a once great center.

It happened to Wilt Chamberlain and to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and now it is O'Neal's turn.

Once the most dominant player in the game and one of the premier figures in NBA history, O'Neal is slipping quietly into the basketball background, which is no easy task for a 7-foot, 350-pound man with the heart of a playful child.

"I'm just going to go out and play my game," O'Neal said in a familiar offering. "I'm not going to change my game."

But it has changed, and Saturday, with the Bulls collapsing in the lane, O'Neal made more free throws than field goals to finish with 13 points, five rebounds and five turnovers.

O'Neal is averaging career lows in points and rebounds this season, partly because the badly sprained ankle that sidelined him was still tender when he returned, and partly because of a diminishing offensive role on the team that has an emerging star in Dwyane Wade. O'Neal has stepped back willingly to accommodate Wade.

That's the role Phil Jackson begged O'Neal to accept in O'Neal's final season (2003-04) with the Lakers that O'Neal refused because of bitterness toward Kobe Bryant.

But it's hardly just a reduced role that is inevitable for most players, especially the big men who have to run the entire 94 feet instead of the guards who mostly patrol the middle 47.

So when Wilt Chamberlain was 34, which O'Neal turned earlier this month with a $300,000 theme party, Chamberlain went on to average 20.7 points. It was his last season averaging more than 20 before he retired at 36 in an era when players didn't play as long.

But Chamberlain still was averaging more than 18 rebounds per game every season. O'Neal is below 10 this season for the first time in his career.

Chamberlain deferred to Jerry West and Gail Goodrich when the Lakers won the championship in 1972, and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar was the fourth scorer behind Byron Scott, James Worthy and Magic Johnson the last time his Lakers won a championship, in 1988.

Abdul-Jabbar, though, averaged more than 20 points per game until he was 39 in a career much longer than O'Neal figures to have.

Age and activity remain the zone trap of an athlete's life, so it is a different O'Neal we're seeing these days. The hope for Miami's ultimate chance to win a title this season isn't so much that O'Neal returns to the dominance he exhibited in leading the Lakers to three straight NBA titles while winning Finals MVP awards. It would be enough for him just to be a consistent force.

It's a delicate subject around the Heat because no one wants to insult the proud O'Neal nor endanger Miami's investment because O'Neal is working on the first season of a five-year $100 million extension.

But there are signs of change and transition.

For the first time, coach Pat Riley has begun to play O'Neal and Alonzo Mourning together, though he didn't Saturday.

The move really seems designed as much to take pressure off O'Neal, especially on defense because Mourning is more active. He had four blocks Saturday.

Meanwhile, this hardly has been a dominant Miami team, even if it has been remarkably resilient and determined. It has recovered from six fourth-quarter double-digit deficits in the last month and was fortunate to escape Luol Deng's rim-out at the buzzer against the 29-37 Bulls.

"We still have time to get it done," O'Neal said. "We're behind Detroit, but we have created some space between us and the No. 3 team."

A notoriously poor free-throw shooter, O'Neal again is hovering around the career low of 46 percent he made last season. It has become the 800-pound elephant in the middle of the Heat locker room. No one wants to talk about it much, but there have been times Mourning has had to finish games so teams would not foul O'Neal. And there have times O'Neal just hasn't played as much as he used to play.

That also has been a quiet point of contention around the team.

O'Neal tends to coast through the season and build scoring momentum coming into the playoffs. He has demonstrated some of that lately, though he remains concerned about the bruised thigh he sustained in a meaningless late-season game last year that limited him through the playoffs.

"Last year we clinched, and I played in a game that I really didn't need to play in and I got hurt," he said. "I'm not really thinking about it now, but once we clinch (the second seed), then I'll be looking to be extra careful."

It's doubtful Riley likes hearing such talk with the Pistons not quite out of sight.

Still, it remains an event when O'Neal is in the building because we may never see another player quite like him for sheer overwhelming presence and power at his position.

There will be moments, like the one-handed lob he converted from the top of the backboard in the fourth quarter on a pass from Antoine Walker, but they don't come very often anymore.

扮演史湘云的郭霄珍父母残疾，全家都靠她的工资生活。拍完《红楼梦》后，她最大的梦想就是考北京的艺术院校，把户口落到北京，不甘心整天在北京影视剧剧组漂着。可是1988年她考北京电影学院文化课差12分，1989年考中央戏曲学院又差16分，当时这个成绩都可以选择自费旁听，但她终因家境贫寒而放弃了。回家后，郭霄珍痛苦地烧毁了3年在剧组写的所有日记，一年没有出家门。

　　北京梦想破灭后，她于1992年结婚生子，与保姆一家四口住在18平方米的房子里。但她依然向往外面的世界。1994年9月，她和爱人带着1岁多的孩子南下海南闯荡，在歌厅唱歌维生。但家中却被小偷洗劫一空，只乘下1000钱。1995年，全家又来到北京影视圈发展，在东四租下房子，但还是不如意。她带着失落最终回到故乡。刚回家的时候，她不能听到“北京”两个字，因为这里有她永远无法重来的豆蔻年华，因为这里有她永远无法拥有的人生梦想。

　　昨天的郭霄珍再来北京，脸上充满了兴奋，她带着一本当年的相册走上舞台，从她的脸上看不到蹉跎岁月留给她的阴影，她没有一滴眼泪。说起往事，她都在笑，只是说自己文化水平低，没那个运气。她介绍自己现在是安徽黄梅剧三团的演员，还兴奋地邀请爱唱黄梅戏的朱军能有空去安徽看看。当她与扮演柳湘莲的侯长荣合唱完《夫妻双双把家还》后，王扶林导演流下了眼泪。他说：“当年拍《红楼》一遇到困难，我就要请郭霄珍和侯长荣给我唱这段黄梅戏，那里面有种力量。”

　　是啊，故乡永远会给游子最温厚的拥抱，这难断的乡音，正给了郭霄珍在他乡梦想破灭后坚强生活下去的力量，她现在的平凡未尝不是一种终极的幸福。